Hydrocephalus is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates inside the brain’s ventricles, causing increased pressure and swelling. It can occur in infants, children, or adults and may lead to symptoms such as headaches, vomiting, irritability, enlarged head size in infants, and difficulty with balance or vision in older patients. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are essential to prevent long-term neurological damage and improve quality of life.

Causes of Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus can develop due to structural abnormalities at birth, infections, bleeding in the brain, tumors, or trauma. In some cases, the exact cause may not be known, but the result is always the same—impaired CSF circulation or absorption.

• Congenital brain malformations
• Infections such as meningitis
• Brain hemorrhage or injury
• Tumors blocking CSF pathways
• Normal pressure hydrocephalus in adults

Treatment Options

Treatment focuses on restoring proper CSF flow and reducing pressure on the brain. Advanced surgical procedures help manage the condition effectively and support normal development or functioning.

• Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement
• Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV)
• ETV with Choroid Plexus Cauterization (ETV-CPC)
• Regular monitoring of shunt function
• Long-term neurological follow-up